IELTS Reading Test 3 (Academic)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
The Development of Writing Systems in Early Civilizations
The invention of writing marked a groundbreaking advancement in human history, enabling early civilizations to communicate, document, and organize complex societies. Writing systems first emerged around 3100 BCE in Mesopotamia, with cuneiform being one of the earliest forms. Initially, writing was developed for practical purposes, such as keeping records of trade transactions, agricultural yields, and taxes. Over time, it evolved to encompass a wide range of uses, including laws, literature, and religious texts.
Other civilizations independently created writing systems, such as hieroglyphs in ancient Egypt and oracle bone script in early China. These systems varied in form and function, often reflecting the cultural and linguistic characteristics of the societies that developed them. Writing allowed governments to maintain control over large populations by codifying laws and centralizing administration. It also facilitated the preservation of knowledge, contributing to advancements in science, mathematics, and medicine.
One of the most significant impacts of writing systems was the standardization of legal codes. In Mesopotamia, for example, the Code of Hammurabi, inscribed on stone tablets, provided clear guidelines for justice and governance. Such codification established a sense of order and accountability within societies. Similarly, in ancient Egypt, writing played a critical role in religious and cultural practices. Priests used hieroglyphs to document rituals and beliefs, ensuring their continuity across generations. This connection between writing and governance further solidified its importance in shaping early civilizations.
Trade and diplomacy also benefited greatly from the advent of writing. Contracts and agreements could be recorded, reducing disputes and fostering trust between parties. In addition, letters and treaties facilitated communication between distant regions, enabling political alliances and economic networks to flourish. The spread of writing through trade routes like the Silk Road helped to disseminate knowledge and cultural practices, connecting diverse civilizations in ways previously unimaginable.
Despite its transformative effects, literacy was often restricted to a small elite class. Scribes, who were specially trained in reading and writing, held significant power in administrative and religious roles. This exclusivity reinforced social hierarchies, with literacy often associated with privilege and authority. However, as writing systems evolved and spread, they became more accessible to broader populations, particularly with the advent of alphabets like the Phoenician script, which influenced many modern writing systems.
The development of writing systems was a milestone in human history, enabling the documentation and preservation of knowledge, the management of complex societies, and the expansion of cultural exchange. It served as a powerful tool for governance, trade, and religion, shaping the structure of early civilizations and leaving an enduring legacy that continues to influence the modern world. Writing transformed humanity's ability to communicate and innovate, cementing its role as one of the cornerstones of civilization.
Questions 1-5
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from passage
_______ systems enabled civilizations to record trade and taxes.
Writing helped _______ laws to maintain order in societies.
Early literacy was often limited to an elite class of _______.
Alphabets eventually made writing more _______ to the public.
The development of writing promoted _______ exchange among regions.
Questions 6-13
In boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE If the statement agrees with the information
FALSE If the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this
Writing was first invented for recording trade, laws, and cultural knowledge.
Mesopotamian cuneiform was used exclusively for documenting religious practices.
Writing systems like Egyptian hieroglyphs were independently developed by ancient civilizations.
Writing systems were essential for organizing large-scale construction projects.
The use of writing systems reduced the number of conflicts between neighbouring civilizations.
The Phoenician script influenced modern alphabets and made writing easier to learn.
Scribes were always chosen from royal families in ancient societies.
Early writing systems were exclusive to a small elite class but became more accessible over time.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
The Evolution of the Camera
A.The development of the camera stands as one of the most transformative technological advancements from the 19th century to the modern era. The first commercially successful camera, the daguerreotype, was invented in 1839 by Louis Daguerre. This early camera required long exposure times and used polished silver-plated copper sheets to create images, a process that was cumbersome and accessible only to professionals and the wealthy. Despite its limitations, the daguerreotype laid the foundation for the democratization of photography, capturing the imagination of scientists and artists alike.
B.In the late 19th century, George Eastman revolutionized photography by introducing roll film with his Kodak camera in 1888. Unlike the daguerreotype, this camera was compact, easy to use, and aimed at amateur photographers. Eastman’s slogan, “You press the button, we do the rest,” captured the simplicity of his invention. The portability and affordability of the Kodak camera popularized photography, turning it into a hobby for the masses. Roll film also paved the way for motion pictures, further expanding the influence of photographic technology.
C.The 20th century witnessed the advent of 35mm film cameras, which became the standard for professional and amateur photographers alike. Brands like Leica and Nikon developed precision-engineered cameras, catering to various needs, from journalism to art. The introduction of color film in the 1930s and the later refinement of flash photography brought new dimensions to image capturing. These innovations made photography an essential tool in communication, education, and entertainment.
D.The late 20th century saw the transition from analog to digital photography. The first digital cameras emerged in the 1970s, primarily for scientific and military purposes, but by the 1990s, consumer-grade digital cameras became widely available. Digital technology eliminated the need for film, allowing photographers to view and edit images instantly. Companies like Canon and Sony introduced advanced sensors and lenses, pushing the boundaries of image quality. The convenience of digital cameras made them ubiquitous, replacing film cameras in most applications.
E.In the 21st century, smartphone cameras redefined photography once again. With advanced sensors, AI-powered software, and user-friendly interfaces, smartphones made high-quality photography accessible to billions. Innovations like computational photography enabled features such as portrait mode and night vision, rivaling traditional cameras in versatility. Social media platforms further fueled this trend, making photography a central part of everyday communication and self-expression.
F.Today, camera technology continues to evolve with advancements in artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and miniaturization. Mirrorless cameras, drone-mounted cameras, and 360-degree imaging are pushing the boundaries of creative expression. As cameras become smarter and more integrated into our lives, the journey from the bulky daguerreotype to the pocket-sized smartphone camera illustrates how technological innovation can transform an art form into a universal medium.
Questions 14-17
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Which invention revolutionized amateur photography in 1888?
Write your answers in boxes 14–19 on your answer sheet.
Which invention revolutionized amateur photography in 1888?
What replaced traditional film photography?
Which innovation enhanced smartphone photography?
Which camera type succeeded film cameras in the 21st century?
Questions 18-23
List of headings
(i)Digital Camera Revolution
(ii)Modern Camera Innovations
(iii)Impact of Photography on Society
(iv)Smartphone Photography Transformation
(v)Kodak Camera Revolution
(vi)35mm Film Advancement
(vii)The Evolution of Camera Lenses
(viii)Invention of Daguerreotype Photography
(ix) Future Trends in Camera Technology
18. Paragraph A
19. Paragraph B
20. Paragraph C
21. Paragraph D
22. Paragraph E
23. Paragraph F
Questions 24-26
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A–F, below.
Complete the sentecne using correct letter, A–F, and write in boxes 24 to 26 on your answer sheet.
24.The daguerreotype process introduced in 1839 was significant because it:
25.Companies such as Leica and Nikon designed meticulously crafted cameras to
26.The rise of smartphone cameras in the 21st century was important because these cameras:
A) Used roll film for easy photography
B) Required long exposure times and special materials
C) Make photography accessible to the general public
D) Address various needs, including journalism and the arts
E) Focused on capturing professional-grade images through manual controls
F) Introduced advanced computational photography algorithms
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
The Rise and Legacy of Steam Railways in the United Kingdom
The development of steam-powered railways in the United Kingdom marked a transformative period in the nation’s transportation history, significantly influencing industrial growth, urbanization, and economic expansion. The origins of the steam railway can be traced back to the early 19th century, with pioneering engineers such as George Stephenson playing a crucial role. Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, steam railways revolutionized travel, enabling people and goods to move efficiently across vast distances. Despite their eventual decline in the mid-20th century, their legacy remains evident in the UK’s modern rail network and preserved heritage lines that attract enthusiasts and tourists.
Early Innovations and the Birth of Steam Railways
The early 19th century saw advancements in steam power, driven by the need for better transportation to support Britain’s industries. One of the first successful demonstrations occurred in 1804 when Richard Trevithick’s Penydarren locomotive ran on a short railway in South Wales. However, it was George Stephenson’s locomotive designs that truly propelled steam railways into the mainstream.
The Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened in 1825, was the first to use steam locomotives for freight and passenger transport. Stephenson’s Locomotion No. 1 pulled the first train, proving the viability of steam-powered transport. This success led to the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830, the world’s first fully operational intercity railway, which demonstrated the efficiency of steam railways and spurred rapid expansion across Britain.
Expansion and Economic Impact
Between 1830 and 1900, railway construction surged as investors recognized its economic potential. By the mid-19th century, an extensive network connected major cities like London, Birmingham, Manchester, and Glasgow. Railways facilitated the transport of raw materials such as coal and iron, fueling industrial growth and the distribution of manufactured goods, solidifying Britain’s role as the ‘workshop of the world.’
Passenger travel also benefited. Before railways, travel was slow and difficult, limited to horse-drawn carriages or canals. Rail transport drastically reduced journey times, making long-distance travel accessible to the middle and working classes. This had profound social effects, enabling greater mobility, suburban expansion, and the rise of tourism. Seaside resorts grew popular as railway excursions became affordable.
Engineering Feats and Challenges
Building Britain’s railway network required overcoming engineering challenges. Railways had to cross hills, valleys, and rivers, necessitating tunnels, viaducts, and bridges. Notable structures such as the Forth Bridge in Scotland and the Box Tunnel in England showcased Victorian engineering ingenuity. Stephenson’s Rocket set the standard for steam engine design, improving speed, efficiency, and reliability.
However, railways faced difficulties. Accidents led to the introduction of signaling systems and standardized track gauges. The high cost of construction resulted in financial speculation, notably during the Railway Mania of the 1840s, when excessive investment led to economic instability.
Decline and Preservation
By the mid-20th century, steam railways began to decline with the rise of diesel and electric locomotives, which were more efficient and cost-effective. The post-war period saw declining passenger numbers as cars and air travel became more popular. This culminated in the Beeching Report of the 1960s, leading to widespread railway closures to cut costs.
Despite this decline, efforts to preserve steam railways gained momentum. Enthusiasts and preservation societies restored heritage railways, allowing future generations to experience steam travel. Today, lines such as the Severn Valley Railway, Bluebell Railway, and North Yorkshire Moors Railway continue to attract tourists and railway enthusiasts.
The Lasting Influence of Steam Railways
The impact of steam railways on Britain’s infrastructure and society remains significant. They shaped modern transportation, influenced urban development, and contributed to economic progress. Many of the routes established in the 19th century remain integral to the UK’s rail network, now serviced by modern trains.
Steam railways also left a cultural legacy, inspiring literature, films, and historical studies. From Charles Dickens’ depictions of Victorian rail travel to the global popularity of Thomas the Tank Engine, they continue to capture public imagination. Museums and preserved locomotives serve as educational resources, ensuring early railway pioneers are remembered.
Questions 27-32
Complete the paragraph with no more than two words and write your answers in boxes 27 to 32
Steam-powered railways revolutionized transportation in the United Kingdom, driving __________ (27), urbanization, and economic expansion. In the early 19th century, engineers like __________ (28) pioneered steam locomotion, leading to the success of the Stockton and Darlington Railway (1825) and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (1830), the first fully operational __________ (29) railway. Between 1830 and 1900, the railway network expanded rapidly, linking major cities and industries. Railways facilitated the movement of goods and people, spurring suburban growth and __________ (30). Engineering feats such as the Forth Bridge and Box Tunnel overcame __________ (31) challenges. However, speculative investments during Railway Mania caused __________ (32).
Questions 33-38
Select the correct answer for the question below and write the corresponding letters on your answer sheet, from 33 to 38
Which engineer pioneered steam locomotion in the early 19th century?
A) Richard Trevithick
B) George Stephenson
C) Isambard Kingdom Brunel
D) Thomas EdisonWhat was the first fully operational intercity railway, opened in 1830?
A) Stockton and Darlington Railway
B) Liverpool and Manchester Railway
C) Great Western Railway
D) North Yorkshire Moors RailwayWhat was one of the main effects of railway expansion between 1830 and 1900?
A) It restricted the movement of goods and people.
B) It caused a decline in industrial productionC) It linked major cities and industries, spurring suburban growth and tourism.
D) It led to the closure of many existing roads.What was a major challenge engineers faced in building Britain’s railway network?
A) Limited resources to build tracks
B) Excessive competition from canal transport
C) Lack of government approvalD) Geographical challenges, requiring tunnels and bridges
What caused the decline of steam railways by the mid-20th century?
A) The rise of diesel and electric trains, which were more efficient and cost-effectiveB)Financial instability from over-investment
C) Government regulations on railway travel
D) The popularity of sea and air travelWhat was the impact of the Beeching Report of the 1960s?
A)It led to widespread railway closures to reduce costs.B) It resulted in the expansion of the railway network.
C) It introduced new steam engines.
D) It created preservation societies for steam trains.Questions 39-40
Choose two statements that are correct according to the passage and write the letters of your answers on your answer sheet, from 39 to 40
A) The Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened in 1825, was one of the first to use steam locomotives for both freight and passenger transport.
B) The Liverpool and Manchester Railway, opened in 1830, was the first fully operational steam-powered intercity railway to be built in the UK.
C) The Beeching Report of the 1960s led to widespread railway closures in the UK as a measure to reduce costs.
D) The expansion of railways between 1830 and 1900 had little effect on tourism or suburban growth.
Answers:
Section-1
Writing
Codify
Scribes
Accessible
Cultural
True ( This introduces the origin of writing, which is mentioned early in the passage)
False ( Cuneiform is mentioned after the general introduction of writing in the passage.)
True (The passage discusses the development of multiple writing systems in various civilizations after introducing cuneiform.)
Not Given ( This speculative statement does not appear in the passage, but its position makes sense after discussing governance and administration.)
Not Given ( This follows logically after discussing the role of writing in diplomacy and trade.)
True (This detail appears later in the passage, highlighting the evolution and accessibility of writing systems.)
Not Given ( The social role of scribes is discussed later, making this statement relevant here.)
True ( This statement reflects the conclusion of the passage, summarizing the broader evolution of writing.)
Section-2
Kodak roll film
Digital camera
computational or computational photography
Mirrorless Camera
(Viii) Invention of Daguerreotype Photography
(v)Kodak Camera Revolution
(vi)35mm Film Advancement
(i)Digital Camera Revolution
(iv)Smartphone Photography Transformation
(ii) Modern Camera Innovations
B )Required long exposure times and special materials
D) Address various needs, including journalism and the arts
F)Introduced advanced computational photography algorithms
Section-3
industrial growth
George Stephenson
intercity
tourism
geographical
economic instability
Answer B) George Stephenson
Answer B) The Liverpool and Manchester Railway
Answer: C) It linked major cities and industries, spurring suburban growth and tourism.
Answer: D) Geographical challenges, requiring tunnels and bridges
Answer: A) The rise of diesel and electric trains, which were more efficient and cost-effective
Answer: A) It led to widespread railway closures to reduce costs.
A)
C)